As a landlord, juggling tenant comfort, HVAC maintenance, and your bottom line can feel like a full-time job. One of the simplest ways to protect your investment and keep tenants happy is choosing the right furnace filter. With rental properties, you need filters that are durable, affordable in bulk, and effective enough to handle varying levels of pet dander, dust, and allergens. In this guide, we’ve evaluated eight top-rated furnace filters from leading brands like Filtrete, FiltersFast, and Filterbuy, focusing on multipacks, MERV ratings, and real-world performance for landlords. For more on standard sizes, check out our roundup of top 20 x 25 x 1 furnace filters.

1
Best Seller

Filtrete 20x25x1 MERV 5 Air Filter 6-Pack

Filtrete
9.9 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
The Filtrete 20x25x1 MERV 5 air filter (6-pack) uses electrostatic pleated technology to capture lint, dust, and pollen, improving indoor air quality while protecting your HVAC system. Ideal for homeowners seeking a reliable, budget-friendly filter that lasts up to 90 days.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • High customer rating (4.8 out of 5 stars) with over 26,000 reviews, indicating consistent satisfaction.
  • Electrostatic charge captures more particles than non-electrostatic filters, improving indoor air quality.
  • Easy to install with directional arrow; fits standard 20x25x1 slots securely.
  • Affordable 6-pack provides excellent value and convenience with auto-delivery options.
  • Helps HVAC systems run efficiently by reducing strain on the motor, potentially lowering energy costs.

Cons

  • Actual dimensions slightly smaller than nominal (19.69x24.69 vs 20x25), which may cause a loose fit in some units.
  • MERV 5 rating is basic; not suitable for those needing high-efficiency filtration for allergies or smoke.
  • Some users report the directional arrow appears reversed compared to other brands, but 3M confirms it's correct.
Detailed Review

The Filtrete 20x25x1 MERV 5 Air Filter (6-pack) is a pleated electrostatic filter designed for standard residential HVAC systems. It targets homeowners who want a reliable, cost-effective solution to reduce household dust, lint, and pollen while maintaining system efficiency.

Standout features include 3M's exclusive 3-in-1 technology that electrostatically charges fibers to attract particles like tiny magnets. With an MPR 300 rating, it captures large airborne contaminants effectively. Users report noticeable improvement in air quality and reduced dust on surfaces.

Build quality is solid: the polypropylene frame and pleated media resist deformation. Actual dimensions are 19.69 x 24.69 x 0.81 inches, slightly smaller than nominal, which may cause a gap in some filter slots. The included directional arrow is intentionally opposite to other brands, but works correctly when installed as per manufacturer instructions.

Potential drawbacks include the MERV 5 rating, which is basic and not ideal for allergy sufferers needing finer particle capture. Also, the slightly smaller size may not seal perfectly in all systems, allowing some unfiltered air bypass. However, for general dust and lint removal, it performs well.

Verdict: The Filtrete 20x25x1 MERV 5 6-pack offers excellent value for routine HVAC maintenance. It is a top-rated, trusted choice that balances filtration performance, ease of use, and affordability. Recommended for homeowners seeking a dependable filter that protects equipment and improves indoor air.

2
Editor's Pick

Filtrete 24x24x1 MERV 11 MPR 1000 AC Furnace Air

Filtrete
9.9 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
This Filtrete 24x24x1 MERV 11 air filter uses 3M’s 3-in-1 technology to capture microparticles like pet dander and smoke while maintaining reliable airflow. Ideal for homeowners with allergies or pets who want a balance of filtration and 90-day convenience.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Excellent filtration for allergens, pet dander, and smoke (MPR 1000 / MERV 11).
  • 90-day lifespan reduces frequency of changes.
  • Asthma and allergy certified by a third party.
  • Easy to install with standard 24x24x1 slide-in slots.
  • Highly rated by over 58,000 customers (4.8 stars).

Cons

  • Higher MERV rating may slightly restrict airflow in older HVAC systems.
  • Price per filter is higher than basic fiberglass alternatives.
  • Not washable; must be replaced every 90 days.
Detailed Review

The Filtrete 24x24x1 MERV 11 Air Filter (2-pack) is a top-tier choice for homeowners seeking cleaner indoor air without sacrificing system performance. Backed by 3M’s proven filtration technology, this filter captures a wide range of airborne particles from common allergens like pollen and dust to microscopic irritants such as smoke and pet dander. With a stellar 4.8-star rating from over 58,000 customers, it delivers consistent results for those with sensitivities or pets.

Standout features include the 1000 MPR (Microparticle Performance Rating) and MERV 11 rating, which together ensure efficient capture of particles as small as 0.3 microns. The 3-in-1 technology balances high filtration with good airflow, making it suitable for most residential HVAC systems. Users report noticeable improvements in air quality, especially during allergy season or in homes with shedding pets.

Design and build quality are robust: the pleated polypropylene material holds its shape during airflow changes, and the 1-inch thickness fits standard filter slots snugly. The included 2-pack offers good value, and the Filtrete Smart App simplifies replacement scheduling with barcode scanning and customizable reminders. No tools are needed for installation.

Potential drawbacks include a slightly higher upfront cost compared to basic filters, and the 90-day replacement frequency can add up over time. Some older or low-flow HVAC systems may experience reduced airflow due to the higher MERV rating, so compatibility should be checked. However, for most modern systems, this is negligible.

Verdict: The Filtrete MERV 11 filter is an excellent investment for improving home air quality, especially for allergy sufferers and pet owners. Its trusted brand reputation, certified allergy-friendly performance, and smart app integration make it a convenient and effective choice. Recommended for those who prioritize clean air and are willing to spend a bit more for proven results.

Specifications

Brand: Filtrete (by 3M)
Model Number: AD12-2PK-1E
Filter Size: 24 x 24 x 1 inches (actual 23.68 x 23.68 x 0.81 inches)
MPR Rating: 1000
MERV Rating: 11
Filtration Type: Pleated, 3-in-1 technology
Lifespan: 90 days
Material: Polypropylene
Weight: 1.4 lbs per 2-pack
Certifications: Asthma and Allergy Friendly
Compatibility: Standard HVAC systems (furnace, AC, air handler)
Included: 2 filters
Warranty: Limited warranty from 3M (replacement or refund)

3
Limited Time

Filtrete 16x25x1 MERV 11 MPR 1000 Air Filter

Filtrete
9.9 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
The Filtrete MERV 11 MPR 1000 4-pack is a top-rated electrostatic furnace filter that captures allergens, pet dander, and smoke, making it ideal for allergy sufferers and pet owners seeking cleaner indoor air.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Highly rated by customers with 4.8 out of 5 stars from over 25,000 reviews.
  • Electrostatic fibers capture particles that non-electrostatic filters miss.
  • 4-pack offers excellent value and long-lasting supply for multiple changes.
  • Easy to install with no tools required, fitting most 1-inch filter slots.
  • Significantly reduces airborne allergens, dust, and pet dander in the home.

Cons

  • Slightly higher airflow resistance compared to lower MERV filters, may affect some HVAC systems.
  • Requires replacement every 3 months for best results, which may be more frequent for some users.
  • Actual dimensions are slightly smaller than nominal 16x25x1; verify fit before purchase.
Detailed Review

The Filtrete MERV 11 MPR 1000 4-pack air filter is designed for homeowners who prioritize indoor air quality. This electrostatic pleated filter captures allergens, pet dander, smoke, and other microparticles, making it an excellent choice for allergy sufferers or pet owners. With a high customer rating, it stands out as a reliable solution for cleaner air.

Its standout feature is the 3-in-1 electrostatic technology that acts like tiny magnets to attract particles. The MPR 1000 rating ensures effective capture of fine particles, while the MERV 11 rating confirms its ability to filter pollutants like dust, mold spores, and bacteria. In real-world use, users report noticeable improvements in air quality and reduced allergy symptoms.

The filter is built with durable pleated polypropylene media that maintains its shape over three months of use. The 1-inch thickness fits standard HVAC slots easily, and the pack of four supplies a full year of replacements. Filtrete's Smart App adds convenience with customizable replacement reminders.

A potential drawback is that higher MPR filters can slightly restrict airflow compared to basic fiberglass filters. This may cause increased energy use in some systems, though most modern furnaces work fine. Also, the actual size is slightly smaller than nominal, so double-check your filter slot dimensions.

Overall, the Filtrete MERV 11 MPR 1000 4-pack delivers excellent air filtration performance with proven customer satisfaction. It strikes a strong balance between capturing fine particles and maintaining steady airflow, making it a top recommendation for anyone looking to improve indoor air quality without frequent changes.

4
Top Rated

Filtrete 16x30x1 MERV 11 MPR 1000 AC Furnace Air

Filtrete
9.9 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
The Filtrete 16x30x1 MERV 11 air filter captures microparticles like pet dander and smoke with its exclusive 3-in-1 technology. Ideal for homeowners seeking cleaner air and easy 90-day filter changes.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • High customer satisfaction with 4.8 out of 5 stars from over 25,000 reviews
  • Trusted brand from 3M with proven filtration technology
  • Easy to install and fits standard 16x30x1 slots with slight dimensional variance
  • Effective at reducing allergens and improving indoor air quality
  • Cost-effective 4-pack with long 90-day replacement interval

Cons

  • Actual dimensions are slightly smaller than nominal size (15.81x29.81 inches), may not fit all systems perfectly
  • Higher upfront cost compared to basic fiberglass filters
  • Requires replacement every 90 days, which may be more frequent than some users expect
Detailed Review

The Filtrete 16x30x1 MERV 11 air filter is a top-rated choice for homeowners who want to improve indoor air quality. Made by 3M, this 4-pack of pleated filters is designed to capture a wide range of airborne particles, from large dust and pollen to microscopic allergens like pet dander and smoke. With a MERV 11 rating and MPR 1000, it strikes a strong balance between filtration efficiency and airflow, making it suitable for most residential HVAC systems.

Standout features include the exclusive Filtrete 3-in-1 technology, which actively pulls in and traps particles while letting cleaner air pass through. Real-world performance is excellent, as reflected in the product's 4.8-star average from thousands of reviews. Users consistently praise its ability to reduce dust buildup and alleviate allergy symptoms, with many noting noticeable improvements in air freshness within days of installation.

Design and build quality are solid. The pleated construction maximizes surface area for trapping particles, while the electrostatic charge enhances capture efficiency. The filter is slightly undersized (15.81 x 29.81 x 0.81 inches) compared to the nominal 16x30x1, which helps it slide easily into most filter slots. However, this variance may cause a loose fit in some systems, so checking your slot dimensions is recommended.

One honest drawback is the cost. While the 4-pack offers good value per filter, it is pricier than basic fiberglass options. Additionally, the 90-day replacement schedule is a guideline; in homes with pets or high dust, more frequent changes may be needed. The Subscribe and Save option helps offset the cost and ensures you never run out.

Overall, the Filtrete 16x30x1 MERV 11 air filter is a reliable investment for cleaner air. It delivers on its promises, backed by a trusted brand and overwhelmingly positive customer feedback. For anyone with allergies, pets, or simply a desire for fresher indoor air, this filter is a smart choice.

5

Filtrete 16x20x1 MERV 11 MPR 1000 Air Filter

Filtrete
9.9 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
The Filtrete 16x20x1 MERV 11 air filter captures microparticles like pet dander and smoke, improving indoor air quality. Ideal for homeowners seeking reliable 3-month filters with easy replacement reminders via the Filtrete Smart App.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Superior particle capture (MERV 11) for allergies and pet owners.
  • Long-lasting 3-month life reduces replacement frequency.
  • Smart App reminders help maintain consistent filter changes.
  • High customer satisfaction (4.8 stars from thousands of reviews).

Cons

  • Price per filter is slightly higher than basic fiberglass filters.
  • Some users may find the 3-month life optimistic in high-pet or dusty homes.
  • Packaging may vary, but filter quality remains consistent.
Detailed Review

The Filtrete 16x20x1 MERV 11 air filter (MPR 1000) is designed for homeowners who want to improve indoor air quality without sacrificing HVAC efficiency. This 6-pack from the trusted 3M brand is ideal for those with pets, allergies, or living in areas with smoke and smog.

Standout features include the exclusive 3-in-1 technology that captures both large particles like dust and lint, and microparticles as small as 0.3 microns. The MERV 11 rating balances excellent filtration with reliable airflow, ensuring your system doesn't have to work harder. Real-world performance, backed by thousands of positive reviews, shows noticeable reduction in allergens and pet dander.

Build quality is top-notch: the pleated polypropylene construction is sturdy and fits snugly in standard 16x20x1 slots. The 3-month lifespan is convenient, and the Filtrete Smart App makes it easy to set replacement reminders by simply scanning the barcode. The filter is also certified asthma and allergy friendly, adding to its credibility.

Potential drawbacks include a higher upfront cost compared to basic filters, and the 3-month life may be shorter in heavily polluted homes or with high-pet households. However, the value of the 6-pack balances the cost over time, and the performance justifies the investment for those prioritizing air quality.

Overall, the Filtrete MERV 11 filter is a reliable choice for cleaner home air. With its strong customer satisfaction, smart features, and trusted brand reputation, it's an excellent upgrade for your HVAC system. Highly recommended for allergy sufferers and pet owners.

6

Filterbuy 16x25x1 Air Filter MERV 8 Dust & Allergy

Filterbuy
9.8 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
The Filterbuy 16x25x1 MERV 8 air filter offers exceptional value with its electrostatic pleated design, capturing 90% of dust and allergens while lasting longer than fiberglass models. Ideal for homeowners seeking affordable, high-performance HVAC filtration.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Excellent value for a high-quality MERV 8 filter, often cheaper than big-box store brands
  • Superior build quality with sturdy frame that resists bending and maintains shape
  • Easy installation with clear airflow direction indicators and perfect fit for standard slots
  • Noticeable improvement in air quality, reducing dust and musty odors in the home

Cons

  • Actual size is slightly smaller than nominal 16x25x1, may not fit all older systems perfectly
  • Some users report faster dust loading in high-particulate environments, requiring more frequent changes
  • Warranty replacement process requires contacting customer service, which can be inconvenient
Detailed Review

The Filterbuy 16x25x1 MERV 8 air filter is a top-rated replacement for residential HVAC systems, offering a balance of affordability and performance. It is designed for homeowners who want to improve indoor air quality without overburdening their system with high-resistance filters.

Its standout feature is the electrostatic pleated media with 14 pleats per foot, which captures 90% of dust, pollen, and mold spores while maintaining good airflow. Real-world tests confirm it lasts up to three times longer than basic fiberglass filters, making it a cost-effective choice for allergy sufferers and pet owners.

The filter is built with a beverage board frame and dual wire backing, ensuring it stays rigid even in extreme temperatures up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. This construction prevents warping and air bypass, which is a common issue with flimsier cardboard frames. Users consistently praise its snug fit and easy slide-in installation.

A potential drawback is that the actual dimensions are slightly smaller than the nominal 16x25x1 size, which may cause a loose fit in some older systems. Additionally, in very dusty environments, the filter may load up faster than expected, but this is typical for any MERV 8 filter. Customer service is responsive, though warranty claims require direct contact.

Overall, the Filterbuy 16x25x1 MERV 8 filter is an excellent choice for budget-conscious homeowners seeking reliable, long-lasting filtration. Its combination of performance, durability, and value makes it a standout in the furnace filter category, earning high marks from over 142,000 reviewers.

7

Filters Fast 20x25x6 MERV 8 Pleated Air Filter

FiltersFast
9.8 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
These MERV 8 pleated filters from Filters Fast deliver reliable performance for Aprilaire SpaceGard 2200 and 2250 systems, offering solid allergen reduction and HVAC protection at a competitive price. Ideal for homeowners seeking a cost-effective, USA-made replacement that balances filtration efficiency with airflow.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • Compatible directly with Aprilaire SpaceGard 2200/2250 systems without adapter kits.
  • High MERV 8 rating balances filtration efficiency and airflow, suitable for most residential HVAC units.
  • Individually inspected and boxed packaging ensures filters arrive in pristine condition.
  • Made in the USA with robust construction that resists warping and sagging.
  • Competitively priced for a two-pack, offering savings over buying single filters.

Cons

  • Not washable; disposable design means ongoing replacement cost.
  • Actual dimensions slightly larger than nominal 20x25x6 may cause a tight fit in some older filter housings.
  • MERV 8 may not be sufficient for households with severe allergies or asthma requiring higher MERV ratings like 11 or 13.
Detailed Review

The Filters Fast 20x25x6 MERV 8 Pleated Air Filter is a reliable drop-in replacement for Aprilaire SpaceGard 2200 and 2250 whole-house air cleaners. Designed for homeowners who want a balance between efficient filtration and low airflow resistance, this two-pack offers a convenient solution for year-round HVAC protection.

With a MERV 8 rating, these filters effectively trap pollen, dust mites, mold spores, and other airborne particles that can aggravate allergies. The pleated synthetic media maximizes surface area for holding captured debris, extending the filter's lifespan compared to basic fiberglass filters. Users appreciate the noticeable improvement in air freshness and reduced dust accumulation in their homes.

Build quality is solid: the frame is sturdy and resists bending, and the actual dimensions (19.75 x 24.25 x 6.375 inches) ensure a tight seal when installed in compatible systems. Each filter comes individually boxed and sealed, so there is no risk of damage during shipping. Made in the USA and backed by membership in NAFA, these filters instill confidence in their performance standards.

One potential drawback is that these are disposable filters, not washable, meaning you will need to replace them every 90 days or so (more often in heavy-use seasons). Also, the slightly larger actual size may require extra effort to slide into some older filter slots. For households requiring higher allergen removal, a MERV 11 or 13 filter might be more appropriate, but this MERV 8 is a solid all around choice.

Overall, the Filters Fast 20x25x6 MERV 8 air filter delivers exactly what it promises: a direct fit, dependable filtration, and good value in a two-pack. If you want a hassle free upgrade for your Aprilaire system without breaking the bank, this is a smart buy.

8

Filtrete 16x25x4 MERV 11 MPR 1000 Air Filter

Filtrete
9.7 /10
YPS Score
YPS score rating is a scoring system developed by our experts. The score is from 0 to 10 based on the data collected by the YPS tool. This score doesn't impact from any manufacturer or sales agent websites. Learn more ›
This Filtrete 16x25x4 air filter delivers MERV 11 and MPR 1000 performance to capture microparticles like pet dander and smoke, making it ideal for allergy-prone households. With a 12-month lifespan and easy installation, it offers reliable, cleaner air for your HVAC system.
Pros & Cons

Pros

  • High MERV 11 rating effectively captures a wide range of airborne particles
  • Long 12-month lifespan reduces maintenance frequency
  • Easy to install with a precise fit for many HVAC systems
  • Trusted brand with over 1,900 positive customer reviews
  • Helps maintain strong airflow while trapping dust and allergens

Cons

  • Actual dimensions are slightly smaller than nominal size, which may not fit all systems perfectly
  • Some users report the filter is thinner than expected for certain media air cleaners
  • Requires careful measurement of your filter slot before purchase to avoid sizing issues
Detailed Review

The Filtrete 16x25x4 MERV 11 MPR 1000 Air Filter is a premium 2-pack designed for homeowners who prioritize indoor air quality. Made by 3M, this filter fits standard 4-inch HVAC slots (actual size 15.88 x 24.56 x 4.31 inches) and is ideal for those with allergies, pets, or concerns about smoke and smog.

Its standout feature is the exclusive 3-in-1 technology that pulls in and traps microparticles while allowing cleaner air to flow through. With a MERV 11 and MPR 1000 rating, it captures up to 2 times more microparticles than MERV alone, including pet dander, pollen, mold spores, and household dust. The filter is also certified asthma and allergy friendly, providing peace of mind for sensitive households.

In real-world use, the filter installs easily and maintains strong airflow without straining your HVAC system. Users report noticeably cleaner air and a well-made construction that lasts the full 12 months. The included smart app reminders help you stay on schedule for replacements, adding convenience.

A potential drawback is the slight size variance from the nominal 16x25x4: the actual dimensions are a bit smaller, and some systems may require a tighter fit. A few users found it too thin for their media air cleaners, so measuring your slot before purchase is recommended.

Overall, the Filtrete 16x25x4 filter offers excellent value for its long lifespan, high filtration efficiency, and strong brand reputation. It is a solid choice for anyone seeking cleaner, fresher home air with minimal hassle.

Buying Guide: What Landlords Should Look For

MERV Rating and Airflow Balance

MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) measures how well a filter captures particles. For rental properties, a MERV 8 to MERV 11 is the sweet spot. MERV 8 captures most dust and pollen without restricting airflow, which helps your HVAC system run efficiently. MERV 11 catches smaller allergens and mold spores, ideal if tenants have allergies. But going too high (MERV 13+) can strain older systems. We recommend checking your HVAC specs before choosing.

Multipacks for Cost Efficiency

Landlords often manage multiple units, so buying in bulk saves time and money. Many filters in our selection come in 4-packs, 6-packs, or even 2-packs of 12-month filters. The air filters category on our site highlights bulk options that reduce per-filter costs and ensure you always have replacements ready. Look for brands that offer subscribe-and-save programs to automate deliveries.

Filter Size and Compatibility

Furnace filters come in dozens of sizes, and even a slight mismatch can cause air leaks or poor filtration. Always measure your existing filter (nominal vs. actual dimensions) before ordering. Common landlord sizes include 16x25x1, 20x25x1, and 16x20x1. For specialized setups like Aprilaire systems, we have a compatible option from FiltersFast. The heating & cooling category offers more size guides and tips.

Build Quality and Frame Durability

Filters with sturdy frames resist warping from humidity and temperature changes, which is critical in rental basements or attics. Look for dual wire backing or beverage board frames instead of flimsy cardboard. The Filterbuy MERV 8 filters, for instance, feature reinforced construction that lasts the full three months without sagging.

Final Thoughts

After reviewing all eight products, the standouts for landlords are the Filtrete 24x24x1 Air Filter, MERV 11, MPR 1000 for its proven filtration and reliable performance in standard 1-inch slots, and the Filterbuy 16x25x1 Air Filter MERV 8 Dust & Allergy for its exceptional value in multipacks and durable frame that holds up in challenging environments. Both options deliver the balance of cost, efficiency, and tenant comfort that every landlord needs.

Frequently Asked Questions

What MERV rating is best for rental properties?

For most homes, MERV 8 to MERV 11 works well. MERV 8 captures common dust and lint, while MERV 11 catches finer allergens like pet dander and mold. Always check your HVAC manual to avoid restricting airflow.

How often should landlords change furnace filters?

Standard pleated filters should be replaced every 90 days. For high-traffic rentals with pets or smokers, consider changing every 60 days. Some Filtrete filters in 2026 include a Smart App for reminders, which is handy for managing multiple properties.

Are bulk multipacks more economical for landlords?

Yes. Buying 4-packs or 6-packs reduces the per-filter cost and minimizes trips to the store. Many of the filters we reviewed, like the Filtrete six-packs, offer significant savings per unit compared to single packs.

Do I need special filters for older HVAC systems?

Older systems often require a lower MERV rating to avoid motor strain. MERV 5 or MERV 8 filters are typically safe. For systems with Aprilaire media cabinets, you can use compatible replacements like the Filters Fast 20x25x6. For more tips, visit our heating & cooling hub.